Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Waves
What are the four fundamental equations of electricity and magnetism (prior to 1865)?
What was Maxwell’s hypothesis?
How did Maxwell alter Ampere's Law?
What is displacement current?
TRUE or FALSE A changing electric field creates a magnetic field.
What did Maxwell predict based on the 4 laws of electromagnetism?
What is the current description of an electromagnetic wave?
What is the speed of an electromagnetic wave?
1
c = ------------ B = E/c
sqrt( μoεo )
What did Hertz confirm? Approximate date
What are the named segments of the electromagnetic spectrum?
c = fλ
What portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can be called light?
Be familiar with measurements of the speed of light by Romer, Fizeau
How is an electromagnetic wave generated?
In what way can we calculate the energy value of light?
What is the principle behind AM radio? FM radio?
Chapter 23 Geometrical Optics
What is a ray?
What is a normal?
What is the fundamental principle (Law of Reflection) in deciding how a ray leaves a surface after reflecting?
θi = θr
What is the cause of the difference between specular and diffuse reflection?
What is an image? What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image?
Can a virtual image be photographed?
Know how to trace rays to find the image location for a plane mirror.
Know how to draw and do ray tracing for a concave and a convex mirror. f = r/2
What is the principal axis?
Where is the zero location for position measurements for lenses and for mirrors?
1 1 1
---- + ---- = ----- m = - di/do magnification What is the significance of the sign?
di do f
You must know the sign conventions for f, i and o for lenses and mirrors.
What does the index of refraction measure?
Table 23.1 , Indices of refraction, will be given
What causes refraction?
When you view an object in water, why does the object appear to be closer to the surface of water than it actually is?
Snell's Law n1 * sin θ1 = n2 * sin θ2
c
n = ----- c = λf What changes when light passes through a material? v, f, wavelength?
v
Under what circumstances can total internal reflection occur?
What applications rely on this effect?
What is a thin lens? What is a focal length? What is a focal point? diopters P = 1/f
What is the difference in appearance and focal length value for converging and diverging lenses?
What is the optic axis?
Be able to do calculations and ray tracings to find an image in situations which involve one or two lenses.
Know how to find all image locations for mirrors at right angles. Corner reflector.
SKIP section 11
PHY162
aberration of light at a telescope Know the basic concept for a one-way mirror.
Chapter 24 The Wave Nature of Light
What method did Huygen’s use to show how light traveled?
Consider a ray of light entering a medium after traveling in air. What properties of the light change? λ’ = λ / n
What property remains the same?
What causes a mirage?
1801 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
What did this experiment show to be true about light?
monochromatic
constructive interference destructive interference
d sin θ = m λ m = 0, 1, 2, … d sin θ = (m + ½) λ m = 0, 1, 2, …
What causes the waves from the two slits in the double slit experiment to be out of phase?
… to be in phase?
Why is the interference pattern only seen when coherent sources are used?
dispersion
Which color of visible light generally has the highest index of refraction?
Why does a prism separate the colors of light?
Single Slit Diffraction minima (destructive interference)
D sin θ = m λ m = 1, 2, 3, …
Where are the maxima located for the single slit diffraction pattern?
How is a diffraction grating made?
What advantage does it have over just two slits?
How does the spectrum formed by a prism compare to the spectrum formed by a diffraction grating?
Spectrometer line (emission) spectrum
continuous spectrum absorption lines
How do the wavelengths of the line spectrum compare to the wavelengths of the absorption lines for the same element?
Thin film interference When does reflection cause a phase shift of ½ wavelength?
Formulas for this section will not be given on the test. Learn the concept.
polarization Polaroid I = Io cos2 θ crossed polaroids
162 Ray tracing for two mirrors meeting at an angle Michelson Interferometer
Spherical Aberration cure Why are sunsets red? Why is the sky blue?
Chapter 25 Optical Instruments
Know the essential characteristics and working principle of the camera:
lens aperture
shutter f-stop f-stop = f/D
depth of field
Compare these parts of the eye to a camera: pupil, retina, cornea, lens.
How many "lenses" are in an eye?
How does the eye accomplish the focusing of objects that are different distances from the eye?
What is accommodation?
What are the near and far points?
What causes nearsightedness and how is it corrected?
What causes farsightedness and how is it corrected? Diopters = 1 / f (in meters)
Know the essential characteristics and working principle of the simple magnifier.
M = Near point distance / f for image at infinity (relaxed eye) Average near point = 25 cm
Add 1 to M if the image is at the near point
Know the essential characteristics and working principle of the simple telescope.
Know how to do the ray tracing to locate the intermediate and final image.
Know the purpose of each lens: objective eyepiece
M = - fo / fe
If you purchase a telescope what is most important, diameter of the objective or magnifying power?
What are two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope?
Know the essential characteristics and working principle of the compound microscope.
Know how to do the ray tracing to locate the intermediate and final image.
Know the purpose of each lens: objective eyepiece
M = (N L)/( fe fo )
Know the usual characteristics of the objective and eyepiece (focal length, + or - lens) for both the microscope and telescope.
Know how to make a Galilean telescope and its advantage over the simple telescope.
resolution θ =1.22 λ / D Rayleigh criterion
skip 25-8, 25-10, 25-11, 25-12
PHY162 Know why swimming goggles help you see better underwater.
Can a camera be made without a lens? LCD displays: How do they work? one-way mirrors
Why is the moon red during a lunar eclipse? Why are clouds white?
What is spherical aberration and how can it be corrected?
What is chromatic aberration and how is it corrected?
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